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Alexandra Elbakyan at a conference at Harvard (2010). Sci-Hub was created by Alexandra Elbakyan, who was born in Kazakhstan in 1988. [22] Elbakyan earned her undergraduate degree at Kazakh National Technical University [23] studying information technology, then worked for a year for a computer security firm in Moscow, then joined a research team at the University of Freiburg in Germany in 2010 ...
For her actions in creating Sci-Hub, Elbakyan has been called a hero, [42] [43] for example by Nobel laureate Randy Schekman. [44] Ars Technica has compared her to Aaron Swartz, [45] and The New York Times has compared her to Edward Snowden. [31] Edward Snowden acknowledged Sci-Hub to be one of the most important websites for academics in the ...
Anna's Archive was founded by the Pirate Library Mirror, a team of anonymous archivists, in direct response to law enforcement efforts to close down Z-Library in 2022. [ 1][ 4][ 6][ 12][ 13] On October 3, 2023, Anna's Archive was reported to have scraped WorldCat, the world's largest book metadata database.
v. t. e. Library Genesis ( LibGen) is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic and general-interest books, images, comics, audiobooks, and magazines. The site enables free access to content that is otherwise paywalled or not digitized elsewhere. [ 1] LibGen describes itself as a "links aggregator ...
v. t. e. Z-Library (abbreviated as z-lib, formerly BookFinder) is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic texts and general-interest books. It began as a mirror of Library Genesis, but has expanded dramatically. [ 6][ 7]
Investigations. The following investigations are used in clearance determinations: [ 12] ANACI (Access National Agency Check with Inquiries) – Initial Confidential, Secret, L, LX; only used for civilian employees. NACLC (National Agency Check with Law and Credit) – Initial Confidential, Secret, L, LX; reinvestigations.
Furthermore, shadow libraries greatly increase the impact of academics whose work is made available. According to one study from Cornell University, articles that are on Sci-Hub receive 1.72 times as many citations as articles from journals of similar quality that are not available on Sci-Hub.
The main academic full-text databases are open archives or link-resolution services, although others operate under different models such as mirroring or hybrid publishers. Such services typically provide access to full text and full-text search, but also metadata about items for which no full text is available.