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The face value, sometimes called nominal value, is the value of a coin, bond, stamp or paper money as printed on the coin, stamp or bill itself [1] by the issuing authority. The face value of coins, stamps, or bill is usually its legal value. However, their market value need not bear any relationship to the face value.
Present value. In economics and finance, present value ( PV ), also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is usually less than the future value because money has interest -earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money ...
Value investing is an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis. [1] All forms of value investing derive from the investment philosophy taught by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd at Columbia Business School in 1928 and subsequently developed in their 1934 text Security Analysis .
Monte Carlo methods are used in corporate finance and mathematical finance to value and analyze (complex) instruments, portfolios and investments by simulating the various sources of uncertainty affecting their value, and then determining the distribution of their value over the range of resultant outcomes. [1] [2] This is usually done by help ...
The fact–value distinction is a fundamental epistemological distinction described between: [1] Statements of fact ( positive or descriptive statements ), based upon reason and physical observation, and which are examined via the empirical method. Statements of value ( normative or prescriptive statements ), which encompass ethics and ...
A loss of $0.05 is perceived with a much greater utility loss than the utility increase of a comparable gain. Loss aversion is a psychological and economic concept, [1] which refers to how outcomes are interpreted as gains and losses where losses are subject to more sensitivity in people's responses compared to equivalent gains acquired. [2]
Money illusion. In economics, money illusion, or price illusion, is a cognitive bias where money is thought of in nominal, rather than real terms. In other words, the face value (nominal value) of money is mistaken for its purchasing power (real value) at a previous point in time. Viewing purchasing power as measured by the nominal value is ...
Credit default swap. A credit default swap ( CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a debt default (by the debtor) or other credit event. [1] That is, the seller of the CDS insures the buyer against some reference asset defaulting.