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This is because a negative number multiplied by another negative number cancels the sign, and thus gives a positive number. If n is an odd integer, then (−1) n = −1. This is because there will be a remaining −1 after removing −1 pairs. Because of this, powers of −1 are useful for expressing alternating sequences.
The number e (e = 2.718...), also known as Euler's number, which occurs widely in mathematical analysis The number i , the imaginary unit such that i 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle i^{2}=-1} The equation is often given in the form of an expression set equal to zero, which is common practice in several areas of mathematics.
Also, polynomials can be evaluated by specializing x to a real number. More precisely, for any given real number r, there is a unique unital R-algebra homomorphism ev r : R[x] → R such that ev r (x) = r. Because ev r is unital, ev r (x 0) = 1. That is, r 0 = 1 for each real number r, including 0. The same argument applies with R replaced by ...
Exponentiation is when a number b, the base, is raised to a certain power y, the exponent, to give a value x; this is denoted =. For example, raising 2 to the power of 3 gives 8: = The logarithm of base b is the inverse operation, that provides the output y from the input x.
An imaginary number is the product of a real number and the imaginary unit i, [ note 1] which is defined by its property i2 = −1. [ 1][ 2] The square of an imaginary number bi is −b2. For example, 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is −25. The number zero is considered to be both real and imaginary. [ 3]
The natural base is a ubiquitous mathematical constant called Euler's number. To distinguish it, is called the exponential function or the natural exponential function: it is the unique real-valued function of a real variable whose derivative is itself and whose value at 0 is 1: for all , and. The relation for and real or complex allows general ...
The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e0 = 1 . The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a[ 4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...
n. th root. In mathematics, an nth root of a number x is a number r (the root) which, when raised to the power of the positive integer n, yields x: The integer n is called the index or degree, and the number x of which the root is taken is the radicand. A root of degree 2 is called a square root and a root of degree 3, a cube root.